Browsing by Author "Olayiwola, John Olusola"
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Item Bacteriological and Proximate Evaluation of Ginger-Fortified Fermented Maize (OGI)(Am. J. Food Techno, 2017) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Inyang Victoria; Bello, Mobolaji AkeemBackground and Objective: Fermented cereal food is an important food in human diet globally especially in developing countries. Attempt at fortifying the fermented cereal Ogi with natural substances like ginger becomes imperative. The objective of study was to find out the effect of ginger on the survival rate of Gram-negative bacteria and nutritional content of Ogi. Materials and Methods: Typed maize (BR 99 28-SR-Y) sample and ginger were collected for the study. The Ogi was produced following the traditional process and subsequently nutritional and microbial analysis was carried out. Results: The value of pH ranged from 4.18-4.36. Moisture content of 10 and 20% ginger fortified Ogi are 60.18 and 60.66%, respectively while control was 71.89%, the crude protein was 2.72-2.65% while control was 1.94%. The value of fat content for the two fortification variables were 1.39 and 1.37% while control was 0.38%. Crude fiber was found to be 0.16 and 0.24% while control was 0.24% but the carbohydrate content was 35.49 and 34.97% compare with the control of 25.62%. Ash content of 10 and 20% ginger fortified Ogi in this study was 0.33% and 0.31 while control was 0.16%. The colony forming units of the bacteria investigated in the fortification ranged from 1.5×10 -3.8×10 CFU mLG over the period of 15 days designed for the experiment. Twenty four bacteria were isolated and identified which comprises of 5 genera including Lactobacillus (50%), Corynebacterium (29%), Escherichia (8%), Pseudomonas (8%) and Citrobacter (4%). Conclusion: Ogi is a cereal based traditional lactic acid fermented weaning food, which deteriorates after long keeping and ginger has the ability to enhance nutritional content and reduction in the Gram negative bacteria associated with Ogi.Item Ebola Virus Disease and Its Antecedents in West African Countries: Challenges, the Current Trend and the Way Forward(SM Virology, 2017) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Bakarey A. S.In 2017, Democratic Republic of Congo, a West African country experienced another outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) since the largest outbreaks in history were last reported in 2015 in the region. Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate as high as 90% and caused by Ebola virus. The victims become infected with the pathogen either through contact with infected animals or via direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected humans. The virus responsible for this outbreak, the Zaire Ebola Virus (EBOV), from the genus Ebolavirus in conjunction with the genus Marburgvirus forms the Filoviridae family. Ebola virus is one of the most deadly and highly virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers resulting in case fatality rates of close to 90% as earlier documented. Multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications have been responsible for the high mortality usually reported. In the recent past, a total of 5335 cases (confirmed, suspected and probable) with 2622 deaths, with a case fatality rate of around 50% have been documented. Laboratory confirmation through the use of RT-PCR molecular technique remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Although as at today, there is no licensed vaccine against the virus, however, under an agreement between GAVI and Merck, the developer of an Ebola vaccine known as rVSV-ZEBOV is now available. Therefore, various hygienic and preventive measures have been advocated for Ebola control and prevention. This review summarizes the drifts and pattern of Ebola outbreaks and its antecedents in West African region including other aspects of diagnosis and prevention and what is the current trend as a guide against future control.Item Ebola Virus Disease and Its Antecedents in West African Countries: Challenges, the Current Trend and the Way Forward(2017-10-27) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Bakarey A. S.In 2017, Democratic Republic of Congo, a West African country experienced another outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) since the largest outbreaks in history were last reported in 2015 in the region. Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate as high as 90% and caused by Ebola virus. The victims become infected with the pathogen either through contact with infected animals or via direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected humans. The virus responsible for this outbreak, the Zaire Ebola Virus (EBOV), from the genus Ebolavirus in conjunction with the genus Marburgvirus forms the Filoviridae family. Ebola virus is one of the most deadly and highly virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers resulting in case fatality rates of close to 90% as earlier documented. Multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications have been responsible for the high mortality usually reported. In the recent past, a total of 5335 cases (confirmed, suspected and probable) with 2622 deaths, with a case fatality rate of around 50% have been documented. Laboratory confirmation through the use of RT-PCR molecular technique remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Although as at today, there is no licensed vaccine against the virus, however, under an agreement between GAVI and Merck, the developer of an Ebola vaccine known as rVSV-ZEBOV is now available. Therefore, various hygienic and preventive measures have been advocated for Ebola control and prevention. This review summarizes the drifts and pattern of Ebola outbreaks and its antecedents in West African region including other aspects of diagnosis and prevention and what is the current trend as a guide against future controlItem FREQUENCY OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD) DEFICIENCY AMONG FEBRILE PATIENTS IN MALARIA-ENDEMIC COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA(Ife Journal of Science, 2019) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Nassar, S. A; Ogunmola, O. S.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme plays an active role in survival of erythrocytes. The deficiency of G6PD in the red blood cells is a clinical problem attributed to neonatal jaundice and chronic hemolytic anemia. Three hundred and thirty three blood samples were collected from consenting participants and screened for G6PD using methaemoglobin reductase method and malaria parasite microscopically by using Giemsa staining technique. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS (version 16) software as statistical tool with p value ≤ 0.05 as level of significance. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in male and female participants was 27.2% and 19.2% respectively. There was no significant association between G6PD deficiency and sex (0.086). Fifty 50 (15%) of samples were positive for malaria (P. falciparum associated) with prevalence rate of 10.2% among female as against 4.6% found among male counterparts. There was significant association between malaria and gender (p-value = 0.04). Also, the rate of G6PD was higher in male (27.2%) than in female (19.5%) participants but not statistically significant (0.086). Low level of both G6PD deficiency and malaria (2.4%) was found. Due to possibility of G6PD deficiency, there is need for the diagnosis of G6PD in the management of malaria.Item Hematological and Pathological Studies of Bacteria Associated with Mobile Phones from Handlers of Diverse Lifestyles in the Rural Community(American Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2019-05-19) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Jeffson Avwerosuo Odiete; Abiala M. A..Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics. The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the fi rst week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.Item Investigations of dengue virus and Plasmodium falciparum among febrile patients receiving care at a tertiary health facility in Osogbo, south-west Nigeria(Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2019) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Nassar, S. A; Bakarey A. S.; Enyhowero, S. O.Both dengue and malaria are diseases of the tropical and sub-tropical regions having similar symptoms especially among the febrile subjects. A descriptive hospital-based study was carried out among randomly selected 170 consenting febrile patients ((m= 92; f=78) age ranged <1 to 55 years (mean age=27.2) attending LAUTECH teaching hospital, Osogbo, between March 2015 and February 2016. The detection of Plasmodium parasites was screened by RDT and confirmed by microscopy while primary dengue virus detection was investigated using ELISA technique. The overall rate of 41.7% was obtained for P. falciparum while 1.8% was reported for dengue infection. Analysis by age and sex showed that the rate of P. falciparum was higher among male (42.0%) than female with highest rate (22.2%) was peaked among age range 16-25 years and 36-45 years respectively with no statistical associations (p = 0.469; OR =1.26, 95% CI 1.21-2.31). Infection rate for dengue was higher in females (2.6%) than males (1.2%) and found among age ranged of 16-25 and 26-35 years respectively. Also, dengue virus P. falciparum co-infection rate (0.6%) was found among participant age ranged 26-35 years. However, there were no statistical associations between age/sex in relation to dengue and malaria infections (p = 0.359; OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.34-2.66) in this study. This study reported high rates of dengue and malaria infections among the community dwellers. There is need to ascertain the actual seroprevalence of dengue and malaria infections among the febrile patients in rural and urban centers together with those accessing care in our healthcare facilities in Nigeria.Item Microbiological Quality Assessment and Antibiogram of the Bacteria Isolated from Fish Feed, Oyo, South-West Nigeria(J. Anim. Sci. Adv, 2015-03-30) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Adedokun A. A.Essential nutrient is required for the growth of aquaculture either in the wild or in the artificial environment. Therefore, artificial feed need to contain essential nutrients and free of pathogenic microorganism. Samples of both imported and local fish feed samples were collected and presence of microorganisms was examined using bacteriological media. Morphological and Biochemical identification of the isolates were carried out. Also, antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacteria isolated were carried out using Gram negative and positive specific antibiotics (Oxoid) with reference to zones of inhibition observed from the plates. It was observed that fish feed samples possess pH and moisture content ranges from 6.8 to 7.0 and 10% to 17% respectively. The proportion of microorganisms obtained from the sample shows Bacillus sp 33%, Staphylococcus sp 13%, Streptococcus sp 13%, Pseudomonas sp 7%, Klebsiella sp 7% and Proteus sp 6%. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested and interpreted using NCCLS, 2006. Regulatory authorities on animal (fish) feed should therefore endeavor to ensure pathogen-free animal (fish) feed. This will ensure good and healthy meat or food (fish) production for human population.Item Mobile phones as fomites for the transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the rural community(Academia Journal of Microbiology Research, 2018-01-29) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Odiete Jeffson; Abiala M. A.Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fifth of cellular phones examined were found to habour pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles for disease transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phone of different handlers, such as Motor Bike Riders, Food Vendors, Meat Sellers and Nursing Mothers. Bacteria isolation and identification were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics. Also, antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out and interpreted according to CLSI, 2016. A total of Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated which comprised five genera such as Bacillus sp, Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter sp., Salmonella sp. and were found mostly resistance to Ceftazidine, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin, Cloxicillin and Amoxicillin but totally susceptible to Ofloxacin. It has been observed that cell phone multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria strains subsequently plays role as fomite in disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate people in the rural community about the appropriate practices after handling of mobile phone.Item Mosquito Vector Abundance and Distribution in a University Campus, Atiba Local Government, Southwestern Nigeria(Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, 2025-11-02) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Ademola E. Alaba; Olajumoke A. FatoyeMosquitoes are important vectors of diseases that pose major public health challenges. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of Aedes and Culex species within Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria. Larvae were collected from ten randomly selected sites over a five-month period (November–March). A total of 10,033 mosquitoes were recorded, comprising Culex spp. (5,141; 53.8%) and Aedes spp. (4,892; 46.2%). Statistical analysis showed significant variation across months (p = 0.005) and locations (p = 0.002), while no significant interaction was observed (p = 0.074). The predominance of Culex highlights the risk of diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus, whereas Aedes remains relevant for dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya transmission. These findings provide baseline data for vector control programs in Atiba Local Government and contribute to understanding mosquito distribution in Oyo State.Item Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Surveillance of Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Beef and Frozen Poultry Meat (Chicken)(Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 2020-03-21) Fasiku, Samuel Adedayo; Olayiwola, John Olusola; Babayemi, Emmanuel Oluwasegun; Lasekan, Omorinsola Tolulope; Olanbiwoninu, Afolake AtinukeOxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) associated with beef and frozen chicken is a threat to public health because of the potential ability of them being multiple antibiotics resistant. The aim of this study is therefore to isolate, determine the susceptibility of S. aureus to oxacillin and subsequently other antibiotics so as to establish their antibiotic profiles. Beef meat (20) and frozen chicken (20) samples were collected from different markets and restaurants in Oyo town, Oyo state, Nigeria. S. aureus was isolated from these samples using Mannitol Salt Agar and pure culture obtained. Pure culture of isolates was characterized and identified based on morphological, biochemical properties and were further subjected to susceptibility to oxacillin and other antibiotics. Eighty S. aureus were isolated from beef meat and frozen chicken with occurrence of 34 and 46 respectively. Twenty five out of the 80 isolates were susceptible to oxacillin and termed as oxacillin susceptible S. aureus (OSSA) while 55 were resistant to oxacillin and termed as oxacillin resistant S. aureus (ORSA). S. aureus (ORSA and OSSA) from beef are susceptible (˃ 80%) to augmentin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, cefuroxime and erythromycin. However, rate of resistance of ORSA to ceftazidime and cloxacillin was high (˃ 70%). The susceptibility rate among the ORSA and OSSA isolates from chicken is also slight high with minimum of 71% for ofloxacin. The overall antibiotic profiling revealed that cefuroxime, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ofloxacin and augmentin are viable antibiotics. Food products remain a potential interface in the transmission of Staphylococcus species and therefore there is constant need for the surveillance and subsequently recommendation on the good hygiene practice.Item Phenotypic evaluation of antibacterial resistance in the bacteria isolated from sputum of healthy human subjects in the rural community(Academia Publishing, 2019) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Olowojoba O. C; Enefe V. O.Respiratory Tract Infections constitute high morbidity in human population both in young age, pregnant women, neonates, aged and immune-compromised individuals. It is generally caused by bacteria and other group of micro- organisms. Sputum samples were collected from healthy individuals in the rural community with symptoms of Upper respiratory tract infection using sterile swab stick. Bacteria isolation and identification were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility assay was carried out and interpreted using CLSI, 2014. The frequent symptoms observed common to human subjects are cough, phlegm and disturbed sleep. Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic showed poor knowledge towards the concepts and abuse of the common antibiotics. Bacteria diversities were observed in the study with extensive antibiotic resistance. The extensive level of antibiotic resistance raised an alarm on the recurrent cases of respiratory infections despite the rate at which antibiotics are being consumed. The knowledge of the rural dwellers on the proper use of antibiotics is very shallow which called for intervention programme to educate the rural community on the need for the proper usage of antibiotics.Item Potentials of essential oils and plant extracts as bio- antimicrobials on Gram-negative indicator bacterial pathogens of poultry origin(2011-10-20) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Ogunshe, Adenike A. O; Emikpe, B. O; Adeyeri, S. OIncreasing antibiotic resistance of veterinary importance is of global health significance and concerns, due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals; therefore, easily obtainable and cheap alternatives to antibiotic use in prophylaxis and also as growth promoters are imperative. Antibiotic resistance of 73 and 51 gram-negative, indicator bacterial strains isolated from 68 crop and 51 gizzard contents of layer hens respectively, and identified as Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio species were determined. The bacterial flora exhibited in vitro resistance to one or more antibiotics but the most generally resisted antibiotics (discs) were amoxycillin (66.7 to 100%; 71.4 to 100%), augmentin (64.3 to 100%; 50.0 to 100%), cotrimoxazole (42.6 to 100%; 42.1 to 100%), nitrofurantoin (32.1 to 66.7%; 25.0 to 100%) and tetracycline (36.4 to 60.0%; 42.1 to 100%) respectively; while 31 different antibiotic resistant patterns were recorded. Essential oils of Eugenia aromatica (90.9 to 100%), Ageratum (27.3 to 100%), Chrysophyllum albidum juice (22.2 to 100%), lactic acid (100%), acetic acid (72.7 to 100%) and carvone (33.3 to 100%) were however, inhibitory towards the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This study is the first to conclude that essential oils of Ageratum, Eugenia, Anacardium, as well as carvone, Chrysophyllum albidum juice, lactic and acetic acids can serve as easily-produced, natural bio-antibacterial agents of poultry importance instead of antibiotics, in NigeriaItem Prevalence of dengue virus antigenemia in the malaria endemic area of the southwest Nigeria(2018-02-16) Olayiwola, John Olusola; Nassar Adebayo Sulaiman; Yetunde Grace OgunsanyaDengue virus infection is an important arthropod borne disease that is common in the tropics because of the occurrence of the vector. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of antibody in the serum of subjects. Cross sectional study was embarked upon on 80 consented patients with febrile conditions with informed consent and subsequently obtaining ethical approval. Demographic data was study using structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from the consented subjects and assay for anti-dengue antibody using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The statistical analysis was carried out at p-value ≤ 0.05. The sex distribution of the subjects showed 35 (45%) male and 44 (55%) female, and 29 (36%) of the subjects knew that malaria is not the only cause of fever. Recent febrile illness was observed among 35 (44%) of the studied population while all subjects have had previous episodes of malaria. The distribution of antibody showed that 20 (55.6%) had dengue IgG antibody while 2 (5.6%) had dengue IgM antibody among the male and 22 (50%) had dengue IgG antibody while only 2 (4.5%) had dengue IgM antibody among female. The occurrence of dengue antibody among the subjects with recent febrile illness revealed that 3 (8.6%) had IgM antibody, while 13 (37.1%) had IgG antibody in their serum. The occurrence of anti-dengue antibody in this study further confirmed that there is re-emergence of dengue in tropical countries, such as Nigeria.